Algorithms are the fundamental ingredient of online businesses such as search engines, marketplaces, peer-to peer platforms and social networks. They have already deeply affected the way individuals shop, communicate, and interact with one another. In pursuit of automation-driven efficiencies...

There may not be better way by which one can instantly capture the quintessence of the 81-page Proposal for a Digital Markets Act tabled by the European Commission in December 2020 as when one reads a few lines placed in the middle of Recital 58: “The gatekeepers should ensure the compliance...

The paper explores data portability from an EU competition policy perspective as set against an institutional and conceptual background swept by gales of transformation. The looming competition policy reform package includes an ex ante regulatory framework aiming to impose proportionate...

The working of the digital economy is intimately intertwined with the mechanics of algorithms. Powerful computers and 'smart' devices carry out the step-bystep sets of operations contained in algorithms in order to perform the calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning tasks that...

The threat, seeking and enforcement of injunctions, i.e. court decisions whereby a party is ordered to desist from an infringement of an intellectual property right, have recently come under the spotlights of courts and regulatory authorities on both sides of the Atlantic. The main purpose of...