Urban last-mile delivery providers are facing more and more challenges with the explosive development of e-commerce. The advancement of smart mobile and communication technology in recent years has stimulated the development of a new business model of city logistics, referred to as crowdsourced...

A complex system consists of a lot of interactive individuals, agents, or units. It occurs widely but is hard to model in both natural and social sciences. Its behavior is neither regular nor random. However, it has some kinds of structures which capture our interesting to study. We can apply...