Inclusivity is perhaps the single most important human need to facilitate and demonstrate fairness for all members in an open and free society. When this principle need is compromised by appearances of unscrupulous self-interested privileged elites to perpetuate a systemic widening disparity...

Economic networks (EN) refer to a diverse set of interconnected economic agents such as: business networks (BN), inter-organisational networks (ION), supply chain networks (SCN), credit networks (CN), ownership networks, innovation networks, investment networks, or any other economic activity...

Cultural economics has recently been included in the development of Economics. The seminal paper Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma by William Baumol and William Bowen, much acknowledged by specialists and from which this specialization originates, dates back to 1966. In spite of its short...

This paper concentrates on Keynes’s solution to a version of Boole’s Challenge Problem of 1851. The problem is solved by Keynes mathematically at the end of Chapter 15 of the A Treatise on Probability, 1921. A study of this problem demonstrates Keynes’s understanding of Boole’s technique...

This Article explores the conceptions of responsible agency that informed legal analysis in nineteenth-century America. Standing behind the "reasonable man" famously drawn by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., there was a second figure, which I call the "default legal person," who personified mental...

Some scholars have argued that the Framers of the U.S. Constitution did not have a common set of views on economics, or that the Constitution, except perhaps in isolated clauses, does not reflect any specific economic views. The principal Framers did, in fact, share a basic set of economic...

Prosopography, or less accurately collective biography, is a method of analyzing of what a group of people from a specific historical context have or have not in common. Although it is a well-established method, it is novel to the history of economics. In this chapter I outline how to apply...

Smith, Keynes, and Knight, in that order, made seminal contributions to decision making which emphasized uncertainty and indeterminate probabilities, as opposed to mere imprecision. De Finetti’s views on uncertainty are diametrically opposed to those of Smith, Keynes, and Knight once the clear...

Smith was the first economist and/or philosopher to understand how uncertainty; (a) was different from risk calculations based on fair/unfair lotteries where there was a large amount of evidence; (b) would have to be represented mathematically by intervals; (c) that uncertainty came in degrees or...