We develop a measure of how information events impact investors' perceptions of risk that is broadly applicable and simple to implement. We derive this measure from an option-pricing model where investors anticipate an announcement that simultaneously conveys information on the announcer's...

This paper investigates the speed of price discovery when information becomes publicly available but requires costly processing to become common knowledge. We exploit the unique institutional setting of hacks on decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols. Public blockchain data provides the precise...

I investigate whether algorithmic trading (AT) affects voluntary disclosure. I predict that AT's advantage over non-algorithmic investors decreases information acquisition. Because investors are less informed, managers increase disclosure to reduce information asymmetry. I find evidence...

We show evidence of a liquidity searching behaviour of informed investors in option listings, which was also found by Collin-Dufresne and Fos (2015) using stock markets. Nevertheless, and differently from Collin-Dufresne and Fos (2015), we find that the option bid-ask spread may be still a good...

This paper finds that in Nasdaq Helsinki where brokers can voluntarily reveal or conceal identities, unsophisticated traders are less willing to trade after anonymous trades than non-anonymous trades. Using intraday order and trade data of large-cap stocks to which the voluntary anonymity model...

The term "information risk" or "information uncertainty" is defined as the risk of a misleading signal. This risk is understood Bayesianly in terms of the likelihood function f(S|φ). In Bayesian method, f(S|φ) captures the quality of signal S with respect to parameter φ. The Bayesian position...

Firms have substantial freedom of choice about whether to disclose essential financial statement line items (e.g., total assets) for their business segments. Counting the number of line items that a firm discloses for its segments presents both a simple measure and a new angle for capturing the...

We study the prices of a firm's debt and equity in a market where investors have private information and may exhibit differences of opinion. We show how debt and equity valuations, and the impact of public information and distress risk on these valuations, depend upon disagreement and the...

We separately investigate the pricing relevance of informed trading predictable from public information, and that of unpredictable idiosyncratic informed trading that potentially captures private information. We use a direct profitability-based and immediacy-driven measure of price-relevant...

Using microdata on stock-level lending positions from German mutual funds, we show that active funds use the equity lending market to obtain information about short sale demand. Funds reduce long positions in response to these demand signals, which allows fund managers to front-run public...