This paper integrates two perspectives on why producers who span categories suffer social and/or economic disadvantage. According to the audience-side perspective, audience members refer to established categories to make sense of producers; they perceive producers who incorporate features...

This paper introduces modal logics to a sociological audience. We first provide an overview of the formal properties of this family of models and outline key differences with classical first-order logic. We then build a model to represent processes of perception and belief core to social...

Sociologists have long recognized that stable patterns of exchange within a market depend on the ability of market actors to solve the problem of cooperation. Less well recognized and understood is a second problem that must be solved – the problem of Knightian uncertainty. This chapter posits...