This article further develops a framework of Brander and Spencer (1984) by adding Border Carbon Adjustments (BCA) to compensate for cost differences caused by emissions reduction among countries. On a level playing field, BCA is one-directional in that only a country with a more stringent carbon...

This paper examines how the welfare implication of the "most-favored-nation" (MFN) principle has changed as the trade agreement mode has shifted from the "one-shot-multilateral-trade-agreement" to "sequential-bilateral-trade-agreements.'' In particular, it emphasizes that the MFN principle works...