The Combined Signal Approach (CSA) to technical analysis combines individual trading rules into a consensus signal that is more profitable than the individual signals alone. It could be that the CSA performs better than individual signals because information related to future price moves is...

This article examines the implications of the existence of private information in the spot foreign exchange market. Our framework is a high-frequency version of a structural microstructure trade model that measures the market maker's beliefs directly. We find that the underpinnings for the...