This paper analyzes and extends the growing econometric literature on the economic impact of information technology (IT). I begin with a "meta-analysis" to systematically examine the results of twenty empirical studies and show that much of the observed variation in estimates of the output...

This paper presents a stylized framework of bank risk-taking to help clarify the concept of "double materiality," the idea that supervisory authorities should consider both the risks that banks face from climate change and the impact of a bank’s actions on climate change. The paper shows...

This article addresses a question that at first may appear simple: why do supervisors rate banking organizations? Prudential supervisors have a long-standing practice of confidentially rating the condition of the firms that they supervise. These ratings are used for a variety of purposes and can...