This paper proposes an approach to study the expected excess return of a long-term bond and focuses on a lower bound. This lower bound is a crucial number, as it represents the minimum expected excess return demanded by investors. The derived bound is model-independent and can be extracted from...

The early work of Tobin (1958) showed that portfolio allocation decisions can be reduced to a two stage process: first decide the relative allocation of assets across the risky assets, and second decide how to divide total wealth between the risky assets and the safe asset. This so called...

Asymmetric shocks are common in markets; securities'; payoffs are not normally distributed and exhibit skewness. This paper studies the portfolio holdings of heterogeneous agents with preferences over mean, variance and skewness, and derives equilibrium prices. A three funds separation theorem...