The paper compares provision of public infrastructure via public-private partnerships (PPPs) with provision under … advantage in building infrastructure. At the same time, hard budget constraints for PPPs introduce a bankruptcy risk and …

The paper compares provision of public infrastructure via public-private partnerships (PPPs) with provision under … advantage in building infrastructure. At the same time, hard budget constraints for PPPs introduce a bankruptcy risk and …

Investment in public infrastructure, including the provision of essential services through capital-intensive networks … public utilities and other infrastructure systems depends on spending to an optimal compliant service level and raising … revenues that fully cover the cost of service. Sustaining infrastructure relies on both funding and financing mechanisms, which …