This chapter surveys research on the demand for protectionism as well as theoretical and empirical work on the (i …) electoral mechanisms, the (ii) lobbying institutions, and the (iii) legislative bargaining that affect its supply. A recent … the other. Areas ripe for more exploration include informational lobbying, the role of the media, firm-level analysis of …

Public opinion, lobbying and elections have important effects on the formation of trade policy in democracies. This … paper attempts to explain how lobbying expenditures can influence the outcome of an election fought over trade policy …

. We find that lobbying reduces the tax difference between coalition countries and outsiders and can thereby help to …, industrial lobbying can improve the prospects for climate cooperation. In this case, ”green protection for sale” turns into …