Abstract. We show that the use of correlations for modeling dependencies may lead to counterintuitive behavior of risk measures, such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Short- fall (ES), when the risk of very rare events is assessed via Monte-Carlo techniques. The phenomenon is demonstrated for...

Highlights:• State-of-art review of vine copulas and stationary vine copulas.• Two types of vine copula models to capture cross-sectional and temporal dependence in ESG data.• Extreme ESG classes (i.e., classes A and D) show the highest and nonGaussian dependence to the market.• Future...

Climate change and sustainability have become societal focal points in the last decade. Consequently, companies have been increasingly characterized by non-financial information, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores, based on which companies can be grouped into ESG classes....