We apply a cognitive lens to understanding technology trajectories across the life cycle by developing a coevolutionary model of technological frames and technology. Applying that model to each stage of the technology life cycle, we identify conditions under which a cognitive lens might change...

Research on expert-novice differences falls into two complementary classes. The firstassumes that novice skills are a subset of those of the expert, represented by the samevocabulary of concepts. The second approach emphasizes novices' misconceptions andthe different meanings they tend to...