Risk interaction network (RIN), a system comprised of risk (nodes) and triggering relations (edges) between risks, changes the likelihood of occurring and also the impact of a risk. An issue of optimizing RIN, allowing for the risk response actions of weakening risk interactions, departs from...

12 million EU inhabitants are affected by railway noise during the day and 9 million during the night. This study lists measures, funding and regulations to reduce it. The introduction of modern rolling stock will lower noise most significantly. In the short run, the replacement of cast iron by...