We develop two novel approaches to solving for the Laplace transform of a time-changed stochastic process. We discard the standard assumption that the background process (X_t) is Levy. Maintaining the assumption that the business clock (T_t) and the background process are independent, we develop...

Lithium-ion batteries suffer severe energy loss, significant pulse power decline, and reduced life cycle under cold weather. It is imperative to preheat the lithium-Ion batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) at low temperatures. At present, various internal alternative current (AC) heating...