The concept of ecosystem resilience is being increasingly discussed as a driver of biodiversity values. It implies that marginal deteriorations in ecosystem conditions can abruptly result in non-marginal and irreversible changes in ecosystem functioning and the economic values that the ecosystem...

A factor common to all adaptation measures is the uncertainty that is the hallmark of climate change. The timing, intensity and location of climate change impacts is not known to any degree of precision. Because most deterministic analyses and policy prescriptions ignore this uncertainty, their...

The concept of ‘standing' – whose benefits and costs should be counted – is well-established, and its specification is a crucial step in conducting a Cost-Benefit Analysis. But it is often ignored by analysts. From a national perspective, the orthodox formulation of ‘standing' is ‘the...