This paper develops a bi-level optimization model for voluntary demand-side flexibility. The Distribution System Operator, in the Upper Level, maximizes welfare by investing in the network and setting the flexibility compensation. Consumers, in the Lower Level, can be prosumers and commercial...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. The value and necessity of demand response as a flexibility means has been widely recognised among stakeholders and policy makers in Europe (e.g. EC, 2011a, 2012a, 2012b; Smart Grids Task Force, 2013; ENTSOE, 2012b). The gradual roll-out of smart...

In this paper a game-theoretical model with self-interest pursuing consumers is introduced in order to assess how to design a least-cost distribution tariff under two constraints that regulators typically face. The first constraint is related to difficulties regarding the implementation of...

In many countries, distribution grid tariffs are being reformed to adapt to the new realities of an electricity system with distributed energy resources. In Europe, legislative proposals have been made to harmonize these reforms across country borders. Many stakeholders have argued that...

Electricity markets with high installed capacities of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) experience periods of supply and demand mismatch, resulting in near-zero and even negative prices, or energy spilling due to surplus. The participation of emerging Power-to-X solutions in a sector...