We empirically assess the treatment effects of a place-based policy in Japan and propose a socially desirable and practically feasible treatment assignment rule for the program. To account for heterogeneity of treatment effects, we estimate the conditional average treatment effect for each...

We examine how pay-for-performance (P4P) affects long-term care (LTC), exploiting a natural experiment in Japan. Matched user/care manager/provider data are used to observe care managers' referral decisions. Care managers/providers can vertically integrate, and P4P creates new incentives for...

This study analyzes the dynamic relationship between health status and expenditures on repeated multiple treatments, which are typical in long-term care. To facilitate causal inferences where complex dynamic interdependencies exist between many variables, we adopt a structural vector...

This study proposes a novel statistical methodology to analyze expenditure on multiple medical sectors using consumer data. Conventionally, medical expenditure has been analyzed by two-part models, which separately consider purchase decision and amount of expenditure. We extend traditional...