Litigated pharmaceutical patents are a valuable source of data on how much inventiveness is required for a patent grant and what are the costs of patents. Although innovation is central to economic growth and the competitiveness of firms, there are few data about either the cost of granted...

Governments have agreed time-limited monopolies to encourage domestic invention through the grant of patents. At the end of the agreed period, the patented invention should be reproducible by skilled persons without undue experimentation and the new knowledge embodied in the invention should be...

Patents were originally designed to encourage technological innovation, which would not otherwise occur, and which create spillover benefits. Careful design is needed to ensure patents do not provide windfall benefits to inventions which would take place absent patents. Further, for the grant of...

Government-backed restraints on trade sit uneasily within trade agreements, whether “free" or preferential. This paper reviews the patent and data exclusivity provisions of the AUSFTA to assess this component of the cost of increased US market access. It also traces other trade agreements...