A factor common to all adaptation measures is the uncertainty that is the hallmark of climate change. The timing, intensity and location of climate change impacts is not known to any degree of precision. Because most deterministic analyses and policy prescriptions ignore this uncertainty, their...

The concept of ‘standing' – whose benefits and costs should be counted – is well-established, and its specification is a crucial step in conducting a Cost-Benefit Analysis. But it is often ignored by analysts. From a national perspective, the orthodox formulation of ‘standing' is ‘the...