Equity returns are addressed by a new General Auto-Regressive Asset Model (GARAM). In this model, two stochastic processes are employed to represent the return magnitude and return sign. Empirical auto-covariance and cross-covariance functions of the return magnitude and return sign are key...

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of hedging a defaultable bond, that may not be at par, with a credit default swap (CDS) by quantifying the variance of the hedging errors and determining the optimal hedge ratio. The static hedging framework uses bond recovery and time to default, which are...