Credit spreads on household and business loans move in lockstep and spike in every recession. We propose a theory as to why banks tighten their lending standards following a drop in market sentiment. The key feature is a procyclical shadow banking sector that shifts risk from traditional banks...

Banking crises have severe short and long‑term consequences. We develop a general equilibrium model with financial frictions and endogenous growth in which macroprudential policy supports economic activity and productivity growth by strengthening bank’s resilience to adverse financial...

We study the interaction between financial frictions and endogenous growth and its implications for conventional and unconventional monetary policy as well as macroprudentialpolicy. We show that disturbances to financial intermediation can lead to permanent lossesin output, which are more severe...