This article provides an empirical assessment of payment schemes implemented in technology licensing agreements. We propose that differences in payment schemes reflect the ex ante measurement costs and the ex post contractual hazards existing in such agreements. We argue that such costs evolve...

Legal frameworks, especially in Europe, encourage private participation and competition in the management of public services. However, many local public authorities concentrate the various services they have in charge in the hands of a single operator, leading to horizontal integration which a...

Governments have largely turned to public-private partnerships (PPPs) to manage public services. Although it is difficult to analyze PPPs as discrete and alternative forms of public service organization, they all constitute some forms of partial outsourcing of activities that contribute to the...