This study investigates the effect of the use of performance measures on subordinate managers' short-term behavior. In particular, we examine the relationship between the use of financial (lagging) and non-financial (leading) performance measures and two forms of short-term managerial behavior:...

Social incentives powerfully shape human behavior. They may be imposed in the form of a social incentive (e.g., stimulating one’s action towards a common goal or to the benefit of others) or a social threat (e.g., exposing behavior). In contrast to monetary incentives, little is known about...