The common factor model assumes a linear relation between the observed variables and a set of underlying latent traits. It also assumes that the linear coefficients, intercepts and slopes (factor loadings), linking the observed variables to the latent traits are fixed coefficients (i.e., common...

Thurstone's (1927) is not a proper model for multiple judgment paired comparison data as it assigns zero probabilities to all intransitive patterns. To obtain a proper model, Takane (1987) extended Thurstone's model by adding a vector of pair specific random errors. We investigate an...