Identifying the optimal policy approach for competition authorities to deal with information exchange between competitors is a challenge. The law has made clear that under some circumstances sharing information is deemed anti-competitive, and in other circumstances it will be permitted. However,...

The European Commission introduced in its 2006 revision of the Leniency programme the concept of ‘marker' which is a temporary protection for potential leniency applicants while they prepare a full leniency application. The object of the marker is to grant companies some predictability on the...