We find that passive intensity (PI), measured by the passive-linked share of total stock market trading volume, is strongly related to the overall pattern of stock price movements. A one-standard deviation increase in PI is associated with 8 percent higher price synchronicity. We further...

The low variance (LV) strategy always bets against the volatile leg of common factor-portfolios. The risk of the strategy, measured by factor exposures, is thus perfectly predictable based on the status of factor portfolio variances during the formation period. I find that the strategy earns...

Traditional asset pricing tests examine if factors covary with returns, if factor betas align with returns, or if mispricing is zero. We introduce a second-moment procedure that jointly tests these hypotheses for all assets in a single regression. The slope coefficients reveal the model's...

Equilibrium asset pricing models prescribe a correspondence between assets' risk exposures and premiums. Empirical factor models do not, however, satisfy this relationship. We show that a portfolio sorted on a multi-factor model's alphas is the optimal correction to this problem. This correction...

This paper analyzes the optimal production and hedging decisions of a competitive firm holding optimism and pessimism under price ambiguity. We show that the separation theorem remains intact as the firm's optimal output level depends neither on the output price distribution nor on the firm's...

This paper analyzes the production and hedging decisions of a competitive firm under price uncertainty and time-inconsistent preferences. We show that the firm would over-hedge and the output choice would be affected by the firm's preferences and the price distribution, thereby identifying a...

This paper studies the interplay between firm investment and cash flow hedging decisions when the decision-maker has time-inconsistent preferences. We show that cash flow hedging acts as a double-edged sword. In some cases, cash flow hedging enhances firm value because the firm can thus invest...

We estimate the liquidity connectedness in the spot foreign exchange (FX) market based on an empirical network model. We find that the liquidity connectedness reflects the dynamic market uncertainties around the world. Supply- and demand-side factors are important drivers of liquidity...