The Idea of Novelty and Creativity Sciences: This entry introduces (1) the novelty and creativity sciences (creativity, invention, innovation, design, composing, business venturing, and others), (2) the idea of multiple models of each, (3) with example multiple models (meta-models) of creativity...

People reputed, in various organizations, to be excellent at handling diversity were interviewed and their protocols in handling particular types of diversity situations analyzed for mental procedures they used. These procedures were formalized, grouped across individual, and turned into...

The paper presents a categorical model showing how three forms of computational system -- machine computers, (human) social computers, and biological computers--are interacting to generate new forms of computation. The result is the beginnings of a theory of empirical computational systems --...