We derive a consistent valuation approach integrating the interdependent effects of cash dividends, share repurchases, and active debt management while considering personal taxes. Additionally, we identify effects of share repurchases on the cost of equity by deriving appropriate adjustment...

Due to the possible deferral of capital gains taxes, retaining earnings provide a tax advantage compared to distributing them. Because of this, the calculation of the terminal value is often based on the assumption of an exogenously determined payout ratio. The present study considers this...