Causation is one of the most underexplored areas in antitrust law. What must a plaintiff show to connect a defendant’s conduct with anticompetitive effects? Several tests are possible, including “but for” causation, proximate cause, sole causation, reasonable connection, and increased...

One of the most heated discussions in economics in recent years has concerned the relationship between market structure and innovation. After a half-century of debate and innumerable studies, the consensus is that there is no clear answer to the question. On a concrete level, the uncertainty...

This comment highlights the importance of context, the appropriate test, and balance for the IP/competition intersection. First, it emphasizes the importance of context, in particular the regulatory regime in the pharmaceutical industry, highlighting the role the FTC can play through litigation,...

Two principles collide in the pharmaceutical industry. On the one hand, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves potentially dangerous drugs under Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (“REMS”) programs when a drug's benefits outweigh its risks. But on the other hand,...

Rising drug prices are in the news. By increasing price, drug companies have placed vital, even life-saving, medicines out of the reach of consumers. In a recent development, brand firms have prevented generics even from entering the market. The ruse for this strategy involves risk-management...

One of the most difficult legal issues today involves settlements by which brand-name drug companies pay generic firms to delay entering the market. Such conduct requires courts to consider not only patent and antitrust law, but also the Hatch-Waxman Act, the complex regime governing behavior in...

The antitrust analysis of product hopping is nuanced. The conduct, which consists of a drug company's reformulation of its product and encouragement of doctors to switch prescriptions to the reformulated product, sits at the intersection of antitrust law, patent law, the Hatch-Waxman Act, and...

Federal law presumes that false advertising harms competition. Federal law also presumes that false advertising is harmless or even helpful to competition. Contradiction is not unknown to the law, of course. This contradiction, though, is acute. For not only are both regimes at issue designed to...

The generic industry lobby, Association for Accessible Medicines (“AAM”), often represents the public interest. In the pharmaceutical industry, it challenges brand drug companies' anti-competitive conduct. It fights for lower prices for consumers. And it has built up goodwill for its work in...

This five-page essay responds to Henry Smith's article, quot;Intellectual Property as Property: Delineating Entitlements in Information.quot;A virtual cottage industry of intellectual property (IP) models has sprung up in recent years. To the mix, Professor Smith adds modularity, in which there...