The aim of the article is to study the relationship between vocational training costs and economic benefits at different levels of economic relations. In the structure of labour costs in the EU, there was the highest share of vocational training costs in Ireland (2.79%), Great Britain (2.53%),...

In practice, there is a massive time lag between data loss and its cause identification. The existing techniques perform it comprehensively, but they consume too much time, so there is a need for fast and reliable methods. The article’s purpose is to develop a rapid methodology to assess the...

This article summarizes the main findings on problems related to the measurement and identification of business cycles. The aim of this study is to define and identify the determinants of business cycles. This paper provides an overview of the methodology and its future course. Our investigation...