Abstract: The key issue concerning shareholder transparency rules, and the related rules on acting in concert (Europe), or the voting group concept (U.S.) is enforcement. Rather than thinking about appropriate enforcement measures, jurisdictions such as the UK and Switzerland decided in favor of...

This article develops a framework for understanding and addressing the increasing role of artificial intelligence (‘AI’) in finance. It focuses on human responsibility as central to addressing the AI ‘black box’ problem — that is, the risk of an AI producing undesirable results that...

This paper focuses on how technology might reshape payments going forward. It considers the policy issues and choices associated with crypto-currencies, stablecoins and sovereign digital currencies and emphasises that there is no single model for sovereign digital currency design.While Bitcoin...

We argue that sustainable balanced development is preconditioned on financial inclusion, and that FinTech is the key driver for financial inclusion. In turn, the full potential of FinTech to support the Sustainable Development Goals will only be realized with a progressive approach to developing...

Financial centers are best explained using D.W. Arner's "hub and spoke model". This explanation for financial centers essentially relies on scale economies. Given the clients' needs for a base and specialized financial services, base services are provided locally while specialized services are...

This paper is the final paper in a series of technical papers from the United Nations Dialogue on Global Digital Finance Governance, an initiative hosted by UNDP/UNCDF. It addresses various aspects of large digital finance platforms (‘BigFintechs’), their evolution, role and governance....