Background: The blood supply chain (BSC) is crucial for providing safe and sufficient blood, but it faces numerous challenges and needs to be robust and resilient. This study provides a comprehensive model for managing and optimizing the BSC in real-world scenarios, including emergency and...

Examination timetabling problem (ETP) is one of the most important issues in universities. An improper timetable may result in students' dissatisfaction as it may not let them study enough between two sequential exams. In addition, the many exams to be scheduled, the large number of students who...