We study an information-sale problem in which a monopolist proxy advisor sells recommendations to a firm's shareholders for corporate voting. We find that even an unconflicted proxy advisor skews its recommendations based on its clients' beliefs or preferences. The firm value is determined by a...

We develop a model to study the observability of investors' information acquisition in financial markets. Relative to observable information acquisition, unobservable information acquisition leads to more information production if and only if the ratio of the information-acquisition cost to...