A key question for European regulation going forward is the degree to which a third physical broadband access medium might substitute for broadband offered over traditional telecommunications and cable. Only if a third effective facilities-based competitor were to emerge would it appear to be...

Unbundling of the local loop (ULL) has seen quite different success stories in the various countries across Europe. Although the obligation for the provision of ULL was implemented in the regulatory framework early and mostly parallel to other means of liberalisation, national implementation has...