Insider trading conveys insiders' private information to outsiders. This private information potentially benefits rival firms, which may reduce the competitive advantage of the insiders' firms. Using multiple approaches to identify proprietary information risk, we find proprietary costs are...

We provide evidence that increased reporting frequency enhances the extent to which stock prices guide managers' investment decisions. Using a generalized difference-in-differences research design, we find the sensitivity of investment to stock price increased for Mandatory Adopters following an...

This paper shows that the informativeness principle, as originally formulated by Holmstrom (1979), does not hold if the first-order approach is invalid. We introduce a "generalized informativeness principle" that takes into account non-local incentive constraints and holds generically, even...