In this paper we fully characterize an individual's choice behaviour according to three different so-called external references. The first system which we describe axiomatically is standard utility maximization or preference optimization. The second approach characterizes the choice of the...

Non-consequentialist features of a choice procedure may matter. The procedural aspect behind availability of alternatives may induce an individual to abstain from choosing any element at all so that the choice set becomes empty. In this paper, the concept of choice is related to procedural...