Investors might prefer to consider the problem of minimizing the semivariance of a portfolio given a certain benchmark rather than the variance, as in such case only the downside volatility is considered as risk. However, such optimization framework has received limited attention compared to the...

Climate change and sustainability have become societal focal points in the last decade. Consequently, companies have been increasingly characterized by non-financial information, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores, based on which companies can be grouped into ESG classes....