We develop a numerical procedure that facilitates efficient filtering in applications involving non-linear and non-Gaussian state-space models. The procedure approximates necessary integrals using continuous approximations of target densities. Construction is achieved via efficient importance...

This paper explores the impact of the terms of trade on output fluctuations in. - Colombia, a developing country where as much as 62% of export earnings come. - from just four commodities: oil (42%), coal (14%), coffee (5%), and nickel (1%). This. - research was prompted by: the particular role...