This paper examines the relationship among real GDP, CO2 emissions, and energy use in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Using annual data for the years 1960-2013, stationarity, structural breaks, and cointegration tests have been conducted. The empirical evidence strongly...

This paper investigates the stationary properties of electric power consumption in 18 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) by using yearly data over the period 1971–2013. After having controlled for the presence of cross-section dependence, the ‘second generation’ panel...

This article re-examines the persistence in natural gas consumption using an alternative methodology. We compare the results of traditional panel unit root tests with those provided by Bahmani-Oskooee et al., which allow for both sharp and smooth breaks. Our analysis uses data for the G7...

This study examines the stationary properties of per capita energy use in the 19 Eurozone member countries by using annual data over 1960–2013 period. We utilize the Clemente et al. unit root test that determines structural breaks. Empirical results show that most of the country series does...

The relationship between public expenditure and aggregate income has long been debated in economic literature. According to Wagner, expenditure is an endogenous factor or an outcome. On the other hand, Keynes considered public expenditure as an exogenous factor to be used as a policy instrument...