Human mortality has been improving faster than expected over the past few decades. This unprecedented improvement has caused significant financial stress to pension plan sponsors and annuity providers. The widely recognized Lee-Carter model often assumes linearity in its period effect as an...

In recent multi-population stochastic mortality models, one critical scientific issue is the vague distinction between trend risk and population basis risk. In particular, the cross- and auto-correlations between the innovations of the latent factors representing the common trend and the...