An important issue in estimating cartel overcharges is to have a reliable estimate of the but-for-the-cartel price. While the cartel price is observable, the but-for-the-cartel price is not. A construction of the but-for-cartel-price evolution by assuming perfect competition, i.e. that price...

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of using a net discount rate (NDR) based on historical data to estimate the present value of the cost of future medical care goods and/or services. Such goods and services often comprise the largest part of the typical life-care plan....

We show that efficient importance sampling for nonlinear non-Gaussian state space models can be implemented by computationally efficient Kalman filter and smoothing methods. The result provides some new insights but it primarily leads to a simple and fast method for efficient importance...

There was an unprecedented wave of foreclosures and evictions in Spain after the 2008 global financial crisis. The subsequent Great Recession had strong economic, social and environmental consequences. This paper explores the frequency of permanent shocks in foreclosure quarterly rates (defined...