Outlying observations can bias regression estimates, requiring the use of robust estimators. Comparing robust estimates to those obtained using OLS is a common robustness check, however, such comparisons have been mostly informal due to the lack of available tests. Here we introduce a formal...

Much of empirical research focuses on forward causal questions (``Does X cause Y?'') while answering reverse causal questions (``What causes Y?'') can provide invaluable insights but is difficult to implement in practice. Here we operationalise the modelling of reverse causal questions through...