This essay examines the evolution of the Article XX General Exceptions provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT 1994”) from its drafting history in 1946, to increasingly narrow interpretations by the GATT panels, and ultimately to the more expansive interpretations by...

This article is a contribution to a symposium discussing Prof. Gregory Shaffer's recent article, "Retooling Trade Agreements for Social Inclusion" (1 U. ILL. L. REV. 1 (2019). Prof. Shaffer argues that international trade law and institutions, primarily the World Trade Organization, have been...

From a standard rational choice perspective, the choice architecture of an international trade in services liberalization scheme as structured around either positive or negative listing should not have any appreciable effect on the depth and breadth of commitment. In contrast, behavioral...