For utility maximization problems under proportional transaction costs, it hasbeen observed that the original market with transaction costs can sometimes be replacedby a frictionless shadow market that yields the same optimal strategy and utility. However,the question of whether or not this...

We investigate the general structure of optimal investment and consumption with small proportional transaction costs. For a safe asset and a risky asset with general continuous dynamics, traded with random and time-varying but small transaction costs, we derive simple formal asymptotics for the...

An investor with constant absolute risk aversion trades a risky asset with general Itôdynamics, in the presence of small proportional transaction costs. In this setting, we formally derive a leading-order optimal trading policy and the associated welfare, expressed in terms of the local...