The elasticity of substitution between energy and non-energy is a key parameter in quantifying distributional impacts of energy and environmental policies. However, the empirical results of energy substitution are contradictory. The source of discrepancies in the results remains controversial,...

Energy substitution is considered as a key process to determine the economic outcome of decisions related to energy and environment policies. The sign and magnitude of energy substitution have been widely debated, and the results are divergent. This paper applies the translog cost function...