the main framework is based on the two good--two country--three region Ricardian Model, including migration. We manifest that, even if the technology is improved in the foreign country at a moderate level so as not to exceed the technology in one advanced region in the home country and so as to...

This study investigates the effect of distance on price differentials across regions. To identify the distance effect, we need to incorporate producer heterogeneity and pricing-to-market behavior. Because geographic barriers alter the threshold levels of productivity to set a positive price...