The last thirty years have witnessed a general liberalization process of merchandize trade flows. Indeed, tariffs have sharply decreased thanks to the multilateral, regional and/or bilateral trade integration agreements. However, concerns have been raised about the use of Non-Tariffs Measures...

Increases in total factor productivity (TFP) are commonly associated with accumulation of knowledge through technological innovation and investment in R&D. However, organizational innovations also improve productivity through the reduction of transaction costs. The main purpose of the paper is...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a suitable methodology for estimating the extent to which less developed countries — namely Tunisia — that hardly invest in research and development benefit from R&D that is conducted in industrial countries. In this study we use the imports of...