(substitutes for opioids). Such harm reduction methods have proven to be controversial. Advocates argue that people struggling with … addiction benefit because they can switch to a less harmful substance, but opponents argue that this could encourage abstainers … to begin using the harm reduction method or even the original addictive good. This paper builds on theories of addiction …

opioids in the US. Quarterly county-level data for 2003-2016 indicate that reductions in opium prices significantly increase … suggest a pass-through of lower production costs to retail prices, boosting patients' demand for opioids, we fail to detect … the quantity of opioids prescribed. The increase involves natural and semi-synthetic but not fully synthetics opioids …

We conducted a field experiment that randomized advertisements, advertisement content, and prices across 2,204 counties … in the United States to study the impacts on online purchases of naloxone, an opioid overdose reversal drug. Advertising …

Background: Bayesian regularization can address over-parameterization of age-period-cohort (APC) mortality models … periods to vary by age. It is applied to overdose mortality rates from the 1999-2015 CDC WONDER data for white non … this group, observed overdose mortality rates increased most markedly for the youngest and oldest ages. Early in the period …

Over the past two decades deaths from opioids and other drugs have grown to be a major U.S. population health problem … severity of the drug crisis are limited. An emerging debate is whether geographic differences in drug mortality rates are … county-level non-Hispanic white drug mortality rates for 2000-02 and 2014-16 and several socioeconomic and opioid supply …

mostly to areas with more pain, but since their apparent safety was an illusion, opioid deaths followed. By the end of the …The fivefold increase in opioid deaths between 2000 and 2017 rivals even the COVID-19 pandemic as a health crisis for … America. Why did it happen? Measures of demand for pain relief - physical pain and despair - are high but largely unchanging …

for opioid misuse in order to estimate the causal impact of someone misusing opioids on the probability that their best … ever misuses opioids. The effect is driven by individuals without a college degree and those who live in the same county as …