In this paper, we propose a simple extension to a Keynesian type macro model by augmenting it with energy consumption. We show the relationship between energy consumption and output in a macroeconomic setting and ask the question: Do permanent shocks dominate changes in energy consumption and...

This study examines the integration properties of total renewable energy production, as well as production of biofuels and biomass in the United States. To do so we employ Lagrange Multiplier (LM) univariate unit root tests with up to two structural breaks. We conclude that each production...